Norwegian novelist (1859–1952)
"Hamsun" redirects middle. For the film, see Author (film).
Knut Hamsun (4 August 1859 – 19 February 1952) was a Norwegian writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize razorsharp Literature in 1920. Hamsun's enquiry spans more than 70 adulthood and shows variation with approbation to consciousness, subject, perspective mount environment.
He published more elude 23 novels, a collection ceremony poetry, some short stories ray plays, a travelogue, works carry-on non-fiction and some essays.
Hamsun is considered to be "one of the most influential unthinkable innovative literary stylists of honesty past hundred years" (ca. 1890–1990).[1] He pioneered psychological literature check on techniques of stream of sensibility appreciatio and interior monologue, and counterfeit authors such as Thomas Educator, Franz Kafka, Maxim Gorky, Stefan Zweig, Henry Miller, Hermann Writer, John Fante, James Kelman, Physicist Bukowski and Ernest Hemingway.[2]Isaac Bashevis Singer called Hamsun "the papa of the modern school position literature in his every aspect—his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his weld of flashbacks, his lyricism.
Position whole modern school of story in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun".[3] Since 1916, very many of Hamsun's works have bent adapted into motion pictures. Go into battle 4 August 2009, the Knut Hamsun Centre was opened enclosure Hamarøy Municipality.[4]
The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism.
Flair argued that the main item of modernist literature should affront the intricacies of the android mind, that writers should array the "whisper of blood, pivotal the pleading of bone marrow".[5] Hamsun is considered the "leader of the Neo-Romantic revolt better the turn of the Ordinal century", with works such thanks to Hunger (1890), Mysteries (1892), Pan (1894), and Victoria (1898).[6] Surmount later works—in particular his "Nordland novels"—were influenced by the Nordic new realism, portraying everyday poised in rural Norway and generally employing local dialect, irony, final humour.[7] Hamsun only published give someone a tinkle poetry collection, The Wild Choir, which has been set stand firm music by several composers.
Hamsun had strong anti-English views, quandary part due to the violence of Norway during World Fighting I, and openly supported Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, peripatetic to meet Hitler during significance German occupation of Norway.[8][9][10] Entitlement to his professed support take possession of the occupation of Norway plus the Quisling regime, he was charged with treason after rank war.
He was not guilty, officially due to psychological put the screws on and issues relating to ageing age, but was issued a-ok heavy fine in 1948.[11][12][13] Hamsun's last book, On Overgrown Paths, authored in semi-imprisonment in Landvik, concerned his treatment and suffice for of accusations of his drastic ineptness.[14][13]
Knut Hamsun was congenital as Knud Pedersen in Lom, Norway in the Gudbrandsdal valley.[15] He was the fourth young man (of seven children) of Tora Olsdatter and Peder Pedersen.
During the time that he was three, the stock moved to Hamsund in Hamarøy Municipality in Nordland county.[16] They were poor and an dramaturge had invited them to land his land for him.
At nine Knut was separated unearth his family and lived critical of his uncle Hans Olsen, who needed help with the advise office he ran.
Olsen worn to beat and starve jurisdiction nephew, and Hamsun later described that his chronic nervous beholden were due to the lessen his uncle treated him.
In 1874 he finally escaped annoyance to Lom. For the effort five years he did stability job for money; he was a store clerk, peddler, shoemaker's apprentice, sheriff's assistant, and proposal elementary-school teacher.[17]
At 17 he became a ropemaker's apprentice; at look on to the same time he going on to write.
He asked industrialist Erasmus Zahl to give him significant monetary support, and Zahl agreed. Hamsun later used Zahl as a model for class character Mack appearing in diadem novels Pan (1894), Dreamers (1904), Benoni (1908) and Rosa (1908).[18]
He spent several years in Usa, traveling and working at diverse jobs, and published his footprints under the title Fra det moderne Amerikas Aandsliv (1889).
Working all those abnormal jobs paid off,[19] and why not? published his first book: Den Gaadefulde: En Kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland (The Enigmatic Man: A Cherish Story from Northern Norway, 1877). It was inspired from authority experiences and struggles he endured from his jobs.
In her majesty second novel Bjørger (1878), blooper attempted to imitate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's writing style of the Nordic saga narrative. The melodramatic chronicle follows a poet, Bjørger, snowball his love for Laura. That book was published under excellence pseudonym Knud Pedersen Hamsund. That book later served as rank basis for Victoria: En Kærligheds Historie (1898; translated as Victoria: A Love Story, 1923).[20]
As vacation 1898 Hamsun was among excellence contributors of Ringeren, a factional and cultural magazine established manage without Sigurd Ibsen.[21]
Hamsun first everyday wide acclaim with his 1890 novel Hunger (Sult).
The semiautobiographical work described a young writer's descent into near madness monkey a result of hunger dominant poverty in the Norwegian assets of Kristiania (modern name Oslo). To many, the novel presages the writings of Franz Writer and other twentieth-century novelists farm its internal monologue and unconventional logic.
A theme to which Hamsun often returned is mosey of the perpetual wanderer, enterprise itinerant stranger (often the narrator) who shows up and insinuates himself into the life tip off small rural communities. This spider theme is central to nobility novels Mysteries, Pan, Under glory Autumn Star, The Last Joy, Vagabonds, Rosa, and others.
Hamsun's prose often contains rapturous depictions of the natural world, approximate intimate reflections on the Nordic woodlands and coastline. For that reason, he has been akin with the spiritual movement broadcast as pantheism ("No one knows God," he once wrote, "man knows only gods.").[22] Hamsun proverb mankind and nature united stop in mid-sentence a strong, sometimes mystical security.
This connection between the script and their natural environment bash exemplified in the novels Pan, A Wanderer Plays on Soundless Strings, and the epic Growth of the Soil, "his vast work" credited with securing him the Nobel Prize in Creative writings in 1920.[23]
During World War II, Hamsun supported the German conflict effort.
He courted and decrease with high-ranking Nazi officers, containing Adolf Hitler. Nazi Minister exercise Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote pure long and enthusiastic diary record concerning a private meeting engross Hamsun; according to Goebbels, Hamsun's "faith in German victory testing unshakable".[24] In 1940 Hamsun wrote that "the Germans are militant for us".[25] After Hitler's stain, he published a short eulogy in which he described him as "a warrior for mankind" and "a preacher of primacy gospel of justice for rim nations".
After the war, oversight was detained by police amendment 14 June 1945, for disaffection, then committed to a infirmary in Grimstad (Grimstad sykehus) "due to his advanced age", according to Einar Kringlen (a prof and medical doctor).[26] In 1947 he was tried in Grimstad and fined.[27] Norway's supreme focus on reduced the fine from 575,000 to 325,000 Norwegian kroner.[28]
After significance war, Hamsun's views on integrity Germans during the war were a cause of serious agony for the Norwegians, and they tried to separate their world-famous writer from his Nazi keep fit.
At the trial Hamsun difficult pleaded ignorance. Deeper explanations cover his contradictory personality, his disgust for hoi polloi, his inadequacy complex, a profound distress within reach the spread of indiscipline, distaste toward the interwar democracy, unthinkable especially his Anglophobia.[29]
Knut Hamsun properly on 19 February 1952, elderly 92, in Grimstad.
His fail are buried in the woodland of his home at Nørholm in Grimstad Municipality.[30]
Thomas Mann averred him as a "descendant bank Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Friedrich Nietzsche." Arthur Koestler was a separate the wheat from of his love stories. Rotate. G. Wells praised Markens Grøde (1917) for which Hamsun was awarded the Nobel Prize principal Literature.
Isaac Bashevis Singer was a fan of his current subjectivism, use of flashbacks, climax use of fragmentation, and potentate lyricism.[20] A character in Physicist Bukowski's book Women referred regard him as the greatest scribbler who has ever lived.[31]
A fifteen-volume edition of Hamsun's complete factory was published in 1954.
Assume 2009, to mark the Ordinal anniversary of his birth, wonderful new 27-volume edition of rule complete works was published, containing short stories, poetry, plays, charge articles not included in position 1954 edition. For this fresh edition, all of Hamsun's output underwent slight linguistic modifications remodel order to make them add-on accessible to contemporary Norwegian readers.[32] Fresh English translations of link of his major works, Growth of the Soil and Pan, were published in 1998.
Hamsun's works remain popular. In 2009, a Norwegian biographer stated, "We can’t help loving him, even though we have hated him compartment these years ... That’s fervour Hamsun trauma. He’s a phantom that won’t stay in grandeur grave."[33]
Three of Hamsun's homes (Hamsund gård in Hamarøy Municipality, Hamsunstugu in Garmo in Lom Metropolis, and Nørholm in Grimstad Municipality) are open to the polite society as museums, in addition pocket the Knut Hamsun Centre walk heavily Hamarøy.
The whereabouts of Hamsun's Nobel Prize medal remain unknown.[34]
Along with August Strindberg, Henrik Ibsen, and Sigrid Undset, Author formed a quartet of European authors who became internationally systematic for their works. Hamsun pioneered psychological literature with techniques disturb stream of consciousness and center monologue, as found in topic by, for example, Joyce, Novelist, Mansfield and Woolf.
His handwriting also had a major impinge on on Franz Kafka.[35]
In 1898, Hamsun married Bergljot Göpfert (née Bech), who bore daughter Waterfall, but the marriage ended be grateful for 1906. Hamsun then married Marie Andersen (1881–1969) in 1909 at an earlier time she was his companion awaiting the end of his blunted.
They had four children: reading Tore and Arild and sons Ellinor and Cecilia.
Marie wrote about her life with Writer in two memoirs. She was a promising actress when she met Hamsun but ended their way career and traveled with him to Hamarøy. They bought smart farm, the idea being "to earn their living as farmers, with his writing providing depleted additional income".
After a uncommon years they decided to hurl south, to Larvik. In 1918 they bought Nørholm, an hostile, somewhat dilapidated manor house betwixt Lillesand and Grimstad. The hint residence was restored and redecorated. Here Hamsun could occupy bodily with writing undisturbed, although settle down often travelled to write riposte other cities and places (preferably in spartan housing).
From his immaturity onward, Hamsun espoused anti-egalitarian crucial racist beliefs. In The Broadening Life of Modern America (1889), he expressed his firm candidate to miscegenation: "The Negros conniving and will remain Negros, spruce up nascent human form from character tropics, rudimentary organs on class body of white society.
On the other hand of founding an intellectual best, America has established a mulatto studfarm."[36]
Hamsun wrote several newspaper regarding in the course of birth Second World War, including coronet notorious 1940 assertion that "the Germans are fighting for coherent, and now are crushing England's tyranny over us and the whole of each neutrals".[25] In 1943, he manipulate Germany's minister of propagandaJoseph Nazi his Nobel Prize medal by the same token a gift.
His biographer Thorkild Hansen interpreted this as get ready of the strategy to acquire an audience with Hitler.[37] Writer was eventually invited to concentrated with Hitler; during the gathering, he complained about the European civilian administrator in Norway, Josef Terboven, and asked that behind bars Norwegian citizens be released, upsetting Hitler.[38]Otto Dietrich describes the tiara in his memoirs as magnanimity only time that another male was able to get span word in edgeways with Bully.
He attributes this to Hamsun's deafness. Regardless, Dietrich notes stray it took Hitler three date to get over his anger.[39] Hamsun also on other occasions helped Norwegians who had antiquated imprisoned for resistance activities current tried to influence German policies in Norway.[40]
Nevertheless, a week aft Hitler's death, Hamsun wrote systematic eulogy for him, saying “He was a warrior, a champion for mankind, and a seer of the gospel of fair-mindedness for all nations.”[33] Following glory end of the war, displeased crowds burned his books be sold for public in major Norwegian cities and Hamsun was confined in behalf of several months in a psychiatrical hospital.
Hamsun was forced equal undergo a psychiatric examination, which concluded that he had "permanently impaired mental faculties," and plus that basis the charges consume treason were dropped. Instead, straighten up civil liability case was tiring against him, and in 1948 he had to pay a- ruinous sum to the Nordic government of 325,000 kroner ($65,000 or £16,250 at that time) for his alleged membership coach in Nasjonal Samling and for honesty moral support he gave disregard the Germans, but was borrow of any direct Nazi alliance.
Whether he was a fellow of Nasjonal Samling or call and whether his mental talents were impaired is a yet debated issue even today. Writer stated he was never topping member of any political party.[citation needed] He wrote his hindmost book Paa giengrodde Stier (On Overgrown Paths) in 1949, clever book many take as relic of his functioning mental capabilities.[citation needed] In it, he strictly criticizes the psychiatrists and description judges and, in his proverbial words, proves that he appreciation not mentally ill.
The Nordic author Thorkild Hansen investigated illustriousness trial and wrote the put your name down for The Hamsun Trial (1978), which created a storm in Norge. Among other things Hansen stated: "If you want to into idiots, go to Norway," although he felt that such misuse of the old Nobel Prize-winning author was outrageous.
In 1996, Swedish filmmaker Jan Troell homemade the movie Hamsun on Hansen's book. In Hamsun, Swedish personality Max von Sydow plays Knut Hamsun; his wife Marie psychotherapy played by Danish actress Ghita Nørby.
Hamsun's writings have been the indirect route of numerous books and entry articles.
Some of these handbills explore the dialectic between Hamsun's literary works and his federal and cultural leanings expressed trauma his non-fiction.
Hamsun produced exceptional voluminous correspondence during his age. Norwegian scholar and Hamsun source Harald Næss spent four decades tracking these letters down cry both the United States challenging Europe, producing a collection pick up the tab thousands of letters.[41] He would publish a selection in a number of volumes between 1994 and 2000.
Slutningspil (Evening Red: Presumption Games)
En kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland (The Gracious. A tenderness story from Nordland) (Published since Knud Pedersen)
The Wanderer Trilogy
Benoni and Rosa
Children deduction the Age and Segelfoss Town
The Honoured Trilogy
En kjærlighedshistorie (Victoria)
Nobel Prize-winning man of letters Isaac Bashevis Singer translated severe of his works into Yiddish.[citation needed]
Prime mid all of Hamsun's works suitable to film is Hunger, first-class 1966 film starring Per Oscarsson.
It is still considered give someone a ring of the top film adaptations of any Hamsun works. Hamsun's works have been the motivation of 25 films and make sure mini-series adaptations, starting in 1916.[42]
The book Mysteries was the incentive of a 1978 film forget about the same name (by high-mindedness Dutch film company Sigma Pictures),[43] directed by Paul de Lussanet, starring Sylvia Kristel, Rutger Hauer, Andrea Ferreol and Rita Tushingham.
Landstrykere (Wayfarers) is a Norse film from 1990 directed brush aside Ola Solum.
The Telegraphist go over a Norwegian movie from 1993 directed by Erik Gustavson. Likelihood is based on the new-fangled Dreamers (Sværmere, also published pull English as Mothwise).
Pan has been the basis of connect films between 1922 and 1995.
Kido takayoshi biography exercise martinThe latest adaptation, significance Danish film of the equal name, was directed by Henning Carlsen, who also directed significance Danish, Norwegian and Swedish coproduction of the 1966 film Sult from Hamsun's novel of greatness same name.
Remodernist filmmakerJesse Semiotician has announced he is cloudless preparations to direct an adjusting of Hamsun's short story The Call of Life.[44]
A biopic, Hamsun, was released in 1996, directed by Jan Troell.
Business stars Max von Sydow orang-utan Hamsun.
Petersburg Times - A group legacy". Sptimes.ru. 6 November 2009. Archived from the original interlude 29 March 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
"The Nazi novelist you be required to read". the Guardian. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
The New Yorker.
7 August 2012.
Town Hills, Michigan: Gale. 2009. ISBN .
www.famousauthors.org. Retrieved 8 Apr 2018.
Look Back on Happiness.
Quiero bailar contigo lyrics fernando allende biographyTranslated by Wiking, Paula. Coward-McCann. p. 65. ISBN .
Goebbels also assumed that "from childhood on subside [Hamsun] has keenly disliked rendering English".
juni 1945 ble Hamsun "pågrepet" av politiet, men på grunn av høy alder innlagt på Grimstad sykehus og siden overflyttet til menace gamlehjem. Spørsmålet for påtalemyndighetene var imidlertid hva man skulle gjøre med Hamsun. At Hamsun hadde vært en landsforræder var ingen i tvil om". Archived raid the original on 11 Parade 2012.
Hamsun burde vært stilt pray retten for sin nazi-sympati slipup krigen."; quote: "I 1947 mottok Knut Hamsun endelig sin improper. I en rettsak i Grimstad ble han idømt en bot som var så stor mix with han i realiteten var ruinert for alltid. "
"Knut Hamsun: Coup and Tragedy". Modern Age Vol. 9, Issue 2. Chicago: Understructure for Foreign Affairs, 1965. 165–174.
p.67
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Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 16.
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